The top plot shows average air temperature as a difference from the 1981 to 2010 average at the 700 mb level, or about 10,000 feet above sea level, from June 1 through August 31, 2020. Observations around the ice sheet margin (b-d) show new details about how the ice sheet is responding (faster flow in red, slower in blue). Image Credit: NASA/Jim Yungel › Larger view. Polar Portal: Monitoring ice and climate in the Arctic Adapted from the 2020 Arctic Report Card, this graph tracks Greenland mass loss measured by NASA's GRACE satellite missions since 2002. Calibration of yearly melt detection requires analysis of the springtime snow conditions by a separate program. Between September 2018 and August 2019, the Greenland Ice Sheet set a record for ice loss (532 ± 58 billion metric tons). A new paper by our colleagues Twila Moon, Alex Gardner, Bea Csatho, Ivan Parmuzin, and Mark Fahnestock analyzes how ice outflow speed and surface melting have increased. Greenland ice sheet by the numbers media caption Mathieu Morlighem: "Just seeing the detail the map has is absolutely beautiful" Total ice area : 1.799 million sq km Net surface mass balance (SMB), which is the snow and rain input minus evaporation and melt runoff, was only slightly less than average at 314 billion tons, or 56 billion tons below the 1981 to 2010 average, according to the MARv3.11 climate model (Figure 5a). Credit: Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) High-resolution image. Figure 3. (Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from Greenland is mostly covered by this single large ice sheet (1,730,000 square kilometres), while isolated glaciers and small ice caps totaling between 76,000 and 100,000 square kilometres occur around the periphery. Only four had previously been detected. The estimates come from a model based on daily weather measurements. While the ice sheet was likely in balance (i.e., ice mass gain was balancing ice mass loss) during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s (Mouginot et al. The 2020 melt season in Greenland is over, finishing thirteenth for cumulative melt-day extent in the 42-year satellite record. Sea ice concentration is the percent areal coverage of ice within the data element (grid cell). The 10-year average line includes estimates from before 1978 on the left edge of the graph.Credit: X. Fettweis, Université of Liège, Belgium/MARv3.11 regional climate modelHigh-resolution image. The top left map of the Greenland Ice Sheet shows the total number of surface melt days from January 1 through October 31, 2020. This reconfiguration of the ice sheet has important implications for other elements of the Greenland system, such as the flow of water beneath the ice sheet, and the movement of sediment and nutrients into the fjords. Melting was moderately intense in the northeastern region but less so in the southwest, where in recent high-melt years the ice sheet has been losing mass and exposing bare ice. Credit: Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) High-resolution image. A seismic station on the Greenland Ice Sheet installed by authors. Mathematical models were used to fill in the gaps in survey data and infer bedrock depths. Scientists blog from Antarctica and provide a glimpse of what it's like to do research in the field. The 2020 season, which runs from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020 in this analysis, shows a net loss smaller than many recent years, but larger than most years in the previous century. The balance between snow and rain input and melt runoff indicates a small net loss of ice this year. (Image credit: J. Bamber, University Bristol) 3D view of the subglacial canyon, looking northwest from central Greenland. The catchment measured discharge from over 4,000 square miles (6,500 square kilometers) of the ice sheet, including several ice caps, that feed into lake Tasersiaq in Southwest Greenland. NASA researchers have helped produce the first map showing what parts of the bottom of the massive Greenland Ice Sheet are thawed. This reconfiguration of the ice sheet has important implications for other elements of the Greenland system, such as the flow of water beneath the ice sheet, and the movement of sediment and nutrients into the fjords. Download . NSIDC thanks Jason Box, Xavier Fettweis, Chris Shuman, and Thomas Mote for data and collaboration. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are important in the global climate system. Credit: National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis data, National Center for Atmospheric ResearchHigh-resolution image, Figure 4. SAN FRANCISCO—The Greenland Ice Sheet is ready for its close-up.The highest-resolution satellite images ever taken of that region are making their debut. There were two later melt events of note, on August 20 when extensive areas in northwestern Greenland melted totaling just over 20 percent of the ice sheet, and a late event on October 17, limited to the southwestern ice sheet totaling under 3 percent of the ice. An ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km 2 (19,000 sq mi). Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125, doi:10.1029/2020JF005585. Between September 2018 and August 2019, the Greenland Ice Sheet set a record for ice loss (532 ± 58 billion metric tons). The lower graph shows daily area in square kilometers of surface melting from April 1 to October 31, 2020, with daily melt extent trends for the preceding four years.Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center/T. Click an image for a high-resolution version. 2017). This bar graph show net surface balance as a result of input vs output into the ice sheet for the 1978 to 2020 period based on reanalysis of weather data and snow-atmosphere model of process from MARv3.11. Greenland Ice Sheet Today | Surface Melt Data presented by NSIDC. Nuuk, the capital of Greenland on the central southwestern coast, had summer temperatures very close to average for that region. Calibration of yearly melt detection requires analysis of the springtime snow conditions by a separate program. Melting was moderately intense in the northeastern region but less so in the southwest, where in recent high-melt years the ice sheet has been losing mass and exposing bare ice. Ice loss is influenced by the ways in which the wind and ocean interact with the ice sheet, CNN said. The new data collected by ITS_LIVE are allowing researchers to characterize and understand what rapid deglaciation looks like on scales that matter for wildlife, fisheries, infrastructure, and communities. Mote, University of Georgia High-resolution image, Figure 2. nsidc.org. The balance between snow and rain input and melt runoff indicates a small net loss of ice this year. Melt extent was greater than any year prior to 2002, with about 70 percent of the ice sheet experiencing some melting. The Greenland ice sheet (Danish: Grønlands indlandsis, Greenlandic: Sermersuaq) is a vast body of ice covering 1,710,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), roughly 79% of the surface of Greenland. A topographic map of Greenland from bedrock elevation data. We are working to improve the ice sheet mask. These lakes drain away quickly, or freeze solid in the winter months. Toyokuni was able to utilize seismographs he installed on the Greenland ice sheet as part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network. The top right map shows the difference between total 2020 melt days and the number of 1981 to 2010 average melt days from April 1 through October 31. While numerous maps of Greenland ice flow velocity exist, most have gaps in coverage and/or accuracy is limited. In a remote area of northwest Greenland, an international team of scientists has made a stunning discovery, buried beneath a kilometer of ice. Greenland Ice Sheet Today | Surface Melt Data presented by NSIDC. The right map shows the difference from average net snowfall for the same period. There are scattered small (summer lakes) across Greenland, all the result of glacier melt. NASA Space Laser Missions Map 16 Years of Ice Sheet Loss. Credit: X. Fettweis, Université of Liège, Belgium/MARv3.11 regional climate modelHigh-resolution image, Figure 5b. We processed a large volume of synthetic aperture radar and Landsat 8 imagery collected between 1995 and 2015 to produce a nearly complete map of ice flow velocity for Greenland at a far greater accuracy than most prior products. The Greenland Ice Sheet is rapidly melting, having lost 3.8 trillion tons of ice between 1992 and 2018, a new study from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) finds. Net snow and rain input are shown in yellow, melt and evaporation loss in orange, and net surface balance in green. The estimates come from a model based on daily weather measurements. With a growing record of satellite imagery and advances in image processing, scientists are now able to better explore the changes to Greenland’s coastal area in the last three decades. This issue does not affect trends for the entire ice sheet. Thule, near a large US military base in northwestern Greenland, had a much warmer than average summer, but was still cooler than Nuuk, which is nearly 1,500 kilometers (580 miles) to its south. This indicator documents recent changes in the ice sheets and discusses the potential consequences associated with projections. This can be compared to the major melt and ice loss years of 2012, 2019, and others in the last decade with values between 225 and 325 billion tons below average (Figure 5b). Tedesco, M. and X. Fettweis. Looking for facts and information? The 2020 regional pattern had low SMB all along the western side of the ice sheet but near average to slightly above average along most of the eastern coastal areas. Researchers also see evidence for ice flow rerouting and even abandonment of some glacier outlets. Estimates of the spatial extent of melt across the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) were unexceptional for most of the summer (i.e., June, July, August) melt season of 2018. 2020. The Greenland ice sheet plays a crucial role on our planet and in the Arctic. The maps here show the world as it is now, with only one difference: All the ice on land has melted and drained into the sea, raising it 216 feet and creating new shorelines for our continents and inland seas.” The top left map of the Greenland Ice Sheet shows the total number of surface melt days from January 1 through October 31, 2020. Figure 5a. Moon, T. A., A. S. Gardner, B. Csatho, I. Parmuzin, and M. A. Fahnestock. Air off the far northern Atlantic Ocean in the Norwegian Sea swept in across the ice sheet. The feat, which took five years, has not since been repeated in Greenland, but a new project aimed at reaching shallower bedrock in another part of northwest Greenland is being planned for the next few years. (a) White and colored areas show the extent of the region where early ice flow maps (1985-1990) can be compared with images acquired up to 30 years later. The 2020 regional pattern had low SMB all along the western side of the ice sheet but near average to slightly above average along most of the eastern coastal areas. Overall the pace of melt during the 2020 season was close to average until late June when a moderately prolonged period of above-average melt added to the cumulative total, bringing it to the upper part of the interquartile range (Figure 2). The 2020 Greenland Ice Sheet SMB simulated by MARv3.5.2 in real time, Polar Portal’s Greenland surface conditions, Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE), Jason Box, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) in Copenhagen, Denmark, Xavier Fettweis, Université of Liège in Belgium, providing the MARv3.11 model results, Twila Moon, National Snow and Ice Data Center. There are about 20 rivers in Greenland. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center High-resolution image. This pattern of temperature and pressure was remarkably consistent through all the individual months of June, July, and August. Higher-than-average temperatures, with up to 3 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit) were limited to the far northern flank of the ice sheet, and significantly lower-than-average temperatures of 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius (3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit) near the Scoresby Sund in east-central Greenland. Net surface mass balance (SMB), which is the snow and rain input minus evaporation and melt runoff, was only slightly less than average at 314 billion tons, or 56 billion tons below the 1981 to 2010 average, according to the MARv3.11 climate model (Figure 5a). In this study, we use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to retrieve the time series variations of the GrIS from April 2002 to June 2017. The daily image update isn’t current; why? See About the Cryosphere. The Cryosphere, 14, 1209–1223, doi:10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020. Net snow and rain input are shown in yellow, melt and evaporation loss in orange, and net surface balance in green. See our March 18, 2013 post for more discussion of melt calibration. This pattern of temperature and pressure was remarkably consistent through all the individual months of June, July, and August. Satellite sensor improvements, such as on Landsat 7 and 8, and improvements in image processing for ice flow mapping (see ITS_LIVE) have created an improved set of maps for documenting changes in Greenland’s ice outflow. In 2021, U.S. researchers will go to the frozen expanse to pinpoint the last time it disappeared. On Thin Ice:Expedition to a Crumbling Ice Shelf. Cumulative degree days (the sum of the difference between the freezing point, 0 degrees Celsius, and the maximum temperature each day for the spring-summer melt season for two automatic weather stations in Greenland, at Nuuk (NUK_L) and Thule (THU_L). Mote, University of Georgia High-resolution image, Figure 2. Home | Contact Us “I call this the piñata, because it’s a first assessment that is bound to get beat up by other [scientific] groups as techniques improve or new data are introduced,” MacGregor said. Thus, the 2020 total melt extent tracked at a level larger than about 75 percent of past years in the satellite record after late June. This visualization shows this new 3D age map of the Greenland Ice Sheet, explains how it was created and describes the three distinct periods of climate that are evident within the ice sheet. It took a U.S. team five summers worth of … Continued observations and measurements of the Greenland ice sheet are critical t… www.researchgate.net. Moon, T. A., A. S. Gardner, B. Csatho, I. Parmuzin, and M. A. Fahnestock. The 2020 melt season in Greenland is over, finishing thirteenth for cumulative melt-day extent in the 42-year satellite record. Air temperatures above Greenland were generally near average over the summer months this year (Figure 3). Credit: National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis data, National Center for Atmospheric ResearchHigh-resolution image, Figure 4. This is suggested by new results from a groundbreaking international research project headed by DTU Space. Glacier - Glacier - Greenland Ice Sheet: The Greenland Ice Sheet, though subcontinental in size, is huge compared with other glaciers in the world except that of Antarctica. If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's … Greenland’s 2020 summer melting: a new normal? Set up in 2009, the project sees the collaboration of researchers from 11 countries. NASA researchers have helped produce the first map showing what parts of the bottom of the massive Greenland Ice Sheet are thawed. A new paper by our colleagues Twila Moon, Alex Gardner, Bea Csatho, Ivan Parmuzin, and Mark Fahnestock analyzes how ice outflow speed and surface melting have increased. Though local surface winds can be quite high under certain conditions, air pressure patterns over the ice sheet indicated generally light regional winds that favored a westward to southwestward flow. 3. Greenland ice sheet: Which countries could be WIPED out if ice melts - is UK at risk? This graph shows the cumulative melt day area for Greenland for 2020, 2019, 2018, and 2012, as well as the 1981 to 2010 average and typical ranges of cumulative melt day area. NSIDC thanks Jason Box, Xavier Fettweis, Chris Shuman, and Thomas Mote for data and collaboration. The total aerial extent of surface melting (total melt-day extent) through October 31 is slightly above the 1981 to 2010 average at 23.10 million square kilometers (8.92 million square miles) for 2020 versus 22.00 million square kilometers (8.49 million square miles) for the 1981 to 2010 average. Melting was intense in the northeastern section of the ice sheet, with 20 to 25 additional melt days than average, and moderately intense in the southwestern section of the ice sheet with 10 to 20 additional melt days (Figure 1). In some areas the ice cannot flow over the landscape via the historical pathways. Melt extent was greater than any year prior to 2002, with about 70 percent of the ice sheet experiencing some melting. The left map shows total snowfall and rainfall, minus runoff or evaporation, which is the surface mass balance (SMB) for the Greenland Ice Sheet, from September 1, 2019 through August 11, 2020. The left map shows total snowfall and rainfall, minus runoff or evaporation, which is the surface mass balance (SMB) for the Greenland Ice Sheet, from September 1, 2019 through June 20, 2020. AWI researchers have now found an explanation for the intensive melting on the glacier’s underside, and published their findings in the journal Nature Geoscience. SMB is the sum of snowfall and rainfall minus any evaporation or runoff. Air off the far northern Atlantic Ocean in the Norwegian Sea swept in across the ice sheet. Greenland Ice Sheet Today is produced at the National Snow and Ice Data Center by Ted Scambos, Julienne Stroeve, and Lora Koenig with support from NASA. Tedesco, M. and X. Fettweis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125, doi:10.1029/2020JF005585. Figure 1. Note that the northeast coast (northern Peary Land and Kronprince Christian Land) is showing erroneous melt pixels. The 2020 season, which runs from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020 in this analysis, shows a net loss smaller than many recent years, but larger than most years in the previous century. Read their blog ... Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate. The study combined 26 independent satellite datasets to track global warming's effect on Greenland, one of the largest ice sheets on Earth, and the ice sheet melt's impact on rising sea levels. In an interactive article titled “If All the Ice Melted,” National Geographic invites you to “Explore the world’s new coastlines if sea level rises 216 feet. For many fast-flowing glaciers, the research team found that the central channel of fast flow has sped up, but the edges of the channel have slowed, effectively narrowing the width of the fast flow area. Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet. Arctic - Arctic - Greenland ice sheet: The glaciers of the north polar regions can be divided into two groups depending on the source of their snow. Between September 2019 and August 2020, the rate of ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet was much lower (293 ± 66 billion metric tons), but still above the 2002–2020 average measured by GRACE. Areas along the coast are masked out because the satellite sensor’s resolution is not fine enough to distinguish ice from land when a pixel overlaps the coast. West Antarctica: Like the Greenland ice sheet, the West Antarctic one was apparently much smaller during earlier warm periods. This can be compared to the major melt and ice loss years of 2012, 2019, and others in the last decade with values between 225 and 325 billion tons below average (Figure 5b). By Dr. Xavier Fettweis, University of Liège. Map shows Greenland's ice sheet is THICKER in the centre than 9,000 years ago but melting at the edges will raise sea levels. The topography of Greenland's ice sheet is shown in this image, based on data from NASA’s ICESat. Get daily satellite images and information about melting on the Greenland ice sheet. More information is available here. The US-Japan joint team is primarily responsible for the construction and maintenance of the three seismic stations on the ice sheet. The Greenland ice sheet is 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) thick and broad enough to blanket an area the size of Mexico. Dr. Jason Box, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Greenland melt season model simulations The larger group is around the North Atlantic and its marginal seas; the smaller is nourished by moisture from the North Pacific Ocean. Meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet represents the largest contribution to current global sea level rise. 2. These maps reveal substantial reconfigurations of several major glaciers (Figure 6). Daily melt extent mapping is suspended for the winter. A look at weather station data along Greenland’s west coast reflects the regional temperature trends (Figure 4). Figure 6. Figure 5a. Snow accumulation in one year is ~1.5 m, and the solar panels are buried in the snow. See About the Cryosphere. More information is available here. The Greenland Ice Sheet is melting faster today than it did only a few years ago. The high albedo (i.e., the fraction of incident solar radiation reflected by a surface) of the ice sheet contributes to modulating the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth and controls atmospheric circulation because of its location and topography. Polar Portal: Monitoring ice and climate in the Arctic The bottom plot shows height difference from average for the 700 mb pressure level in the atmosphere for the same period. A modest beginning to the Greenland melt season, Greenland Surface Melt Interactive Extent Chart, Polar Portal: Monitoring ice and climate in the Arctic, Sea Ice Index (Passive microwave satellite data), MASIE (Daily sea ice extent, multi-source). Map showing thickness of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and... | Download Scientific Diagram . Looking for facts and information? Greenland lost a record amount of ice during an extra warm 2019, with the melt massive enough to cover California in more than four feet (1.25 meters) of water, a new study said. Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet. 2020. (a) White and colored areas show the extent of the region where early ice flow maps (1985-1990) can be compared with images acquired up to 30 years later. Between September 2019 and August 2020, the rate of ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet was much lower (293 ± 66 billion metric tons), but still above the 2002–2020 average measured by GRACE. Read about the data and other problems which occasionally occur in near-real-time data. When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Figure 6. Every year since 1998, the ice sheet has overall lost ice. This is a false melt signal from seasonal snow and patchy ice areas, where our method of determining surface melting does not work. The top right map shows the difference between total 2020 melt days and the number of 1981 to 2010 average melt days from April 1 through October 31. Occasional short-term delays and data outages do occur and are usually resolved in a few days. Both ice sheets have been losing mass at an increasing rate since the 1990s, which has contributed one third of the global sea level rise over this period. While thinning ice and retreats from the ice edge change the ice sheet, the shape of the land beneath the ice remains mostly unchanged. The total aerial extent of surface melting (total melt-day extent) through October 31 is slightly above the 1981 to 2010 average at 23.10 million square kilometers (8.92 million square miles) for 2020 versus 22.00 million square kilometers (8.49 million square miles) for the 1981 to 2010 average. 1280 x 853 jpeg 425kB. Roughly 85% of the island is permanently covered in ice up to 3,375 meters (11,070 feet) thick. Credit: Moon, T. A., et al., 2020, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth SurfaceHigh-resolution image. Note that the land-based, permanent Antarctic ice sheet should not be confused with Antarctic sea ice, which covers the ocean and changes strongly with the seasons. Much of the upper elevation areas of the ice sheet saw no melting this year. Melting was intense in the northeastern section of the ice sheet, with 20 to 25 additional melt days than average, and moderately intense in the southwestern section of the ice sheet with 10 to 20 additional melt days (Figure 1). The extreme north of Greenland, Peary Land, is not covered by an ice sheet, because the air there is too dry to produce snow, which is essential in the production and maintenance of an ice sheet. Scientists have identified more than 50 new lakes of liquid water lying under the Greenland Ice Sheet. Home | Contact Us Scientists blog from Antarctica and provide a glimpse of what it's like to do research in the field. The Greenland melt images here are updated daily, with a one-day lag. Air temperatures above Greenland were generally near average over the summer months this year (Figure 3). estimated grounded and floating ice mass change for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 2003 to 2019 using satellite laser altimetry data from NASA's ICESat and ICESat-2 satellites. Cumulative degree days (the sum of the difference between the freezing point, 0 degrees Celsius, and the maximum temperature each day for the spring-summer melt season for two automatic weather stations in Greenland, at Nuuk (NUK_L) and Thule (THU_L). The Cryosphere, 14, 1209–1223, doi:10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020. All ring the coastline and all are small melt water outflows from a nearby glacier on the Greenland ice sheet. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. 1682 x 2766 png 1349kB. Scientists have created the first-ever comprehensive map of the layers deep inside the Greenland Ice Sheet, using radar data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge. Several recent high-melt years are shown for comparison. Responses include narrowing of fast flow regions, rerouting of ice flow, and abandonment of some glacier outlets. Ice loss from Antarctica and Greenland account for roughly a half-inch of sea level rise between 2003 and 2019. With a growing record of satellite imagery and advances in image processing, scientists are now able to better explore the changes to Greenland’s coastal area in the last three decades. https://www.nasa.gov/.../goddard/nasa-data-peers-into-greenlands-ice-sheet Overall the pace of melt during the 2020 season was close to average until late June when a moderately prolonged period of above-average melt added to the cumulative total, bringing it to the upper part of the interquartile range (Figure 2). This graph shows the cumulative melt day area for Greenland for 2020, 2019, 2018, and 2012, as well as the 1981 to 2010 average and typical ranges of cumulative melt day area. The lower graph shows daily area in square kilometers of surface melting from April 1 to October 31, 2020, with daily melt extent trends for the preceding four years.Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center/T. This does not include the imbalance caused by ice flow. Greenland is host to the second largest ice mass on the planet, covering 82% of the island; Area of all ice in Greenland: 1.8×10 6 km 2; Volume of the ice sheet: 3.0×10 6 km 3; Mass of the ice sheet: 2.7×10 18 kg Maximum ice sheet elevation: 3275 m; Maximum ice sheet thickness: 3367 m There are scattered small (summer lakes) across Greenland, all the result of glacier melt. We post analysis periodically as conditions warrant. The Greenland ice sheet sits atop the largest island in the world and, as the second largest ice sheet on the Earth, contains the equivalent of roughly 7.4 m of global mean sea level rise (Morlighem et al. The bottom plot shows height difference from average for the 700 mb pressure level in the atmosphere for the same period. Observations around the ice sheet margin (b-d) show new details about how the ice sheet is responding (faster flow in red, slower in blue). Above Greenland were generally near average over the summer months this year of. 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