(2016). Dispersal is an important process in the life history of nearly all plant species and can be facilitated by both abiotic and biotic mechanisms (Sumoski and Orth, 2012). Surface and submarine pollination in the seagrass Zostera marina L Author COX, P. A; LAUSHMAN, R. H; RUCKELSHAUS, M. H Brigham Young univ., Provo UT 84602, United States Source. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905620106, Williams, S. L. (1990). Verduin et al. (2020) observed that the flowering duration of Z. marina in the colder region (5–7.5 months) was longer than in the warmer region (3.5 months). At present, few studies have clearly described the spathe developmental process in Z. japonica. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010, Sumoski, S. E., and Orth, R. J. 1. Recolonization of Zostera marina following destruction caused by a red tide algal bloom: the role of new shoot recruitment from seed banks. This item is part of JSTOR collection The Z. japonica at SLL relied on asexual and sexual reproduction to maintain the population. Qin et al. Journal of Ecology, 91 (4), 610-615. Freshw. However, relativel y little is known about seagrass pollination dynamics or how genetic diversity in life history stage may infl uence genetic diversity in another. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-2983-7_3, Kuo, J., Iizumi, H., Nilsen, B. E., and Aioi, K. (1990). Population genetics of hydrophilous angiosperms. Compared with HQB, the biomass of overwintering shoots at SLL was less than 30 g dry weight ⋅ m–2. Pollut. Instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs; mol photons ⋅ m–2 ⋅ s–1) were measured every 15 min and daily PPFDs (mol photons ⋅ m–2 ⋅ d–1) were calculated as the sum of the quantum flux within a 24 h period. Ecol. Sci. The winter at SLL is relatively cold, and on the coldest days the lagoon is covered with ice. Aquat. Aquat. The central role of dispersal in the maintenance and persistence of seagrass populations. Reproductive strategy of the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica under different levels of disturbance and tidal inundation. - 16842962 1. Functionally, while spherical pollen needs to be directly upstream from stigmas to be captured, filamentous pollen need only be in the vicinity of inflorescences and flowers to be captured by stigmas. “Seagrasses as potential food plants,” in Seedbearing Halophytes as Food Plants, ed. 365, 3101–3112. Nature 530, 331–335. J. Bot. 41606192/41176140), the Key Research Project of Frontier Sciences of CAS (QYZDB-SSW-DQC041-1), the International Partners Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (133137KYSB20180069), and the Taishan Scholars Program (Distinguished Taishan Scholars). J. Mar. The allocation to sexual reproduction was lower than at SLL, and no seedlings were observed at HQB during our study. (Zipperle et al., 2011). Perennial eelgrass populations reproduce sexually and propagate clonally. The negative accumulated temperature was −14.60°C at S1, −37.46°C at S2, and 0°C at HQB. doi: 10.3354/meps311233. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0. Log in. Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in sea-grasses: functional mechanisms. Therefore, the maximum flowering frequency at S2 was greater than those at other sites [F(3, 24) = 4.003, p < 0.05; Table 2]. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(93)90069-9, Lee, K.-S., Park, J.-I., Kim, Y. K., Park, S. R., and Kim, J.-H. (2007). Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation,” in Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation, eds A. W. D. Larkum, R. J. Orth, and C. M. Duarte (Dordrecht: Springer), 51–87. and Thalassia spp., form buoyant fruits with large inner non-dormant seeds (Kuo et al., 1990; Kuo and Den Hartog, 2006; Guerrero-Meseguer et al., 2018). For maximum-value trait comparisons, data were used from different dates across sites, if maximum values were reached on different dates. Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inflorescences where they were captured by stigmas. A HOBO Pendant light/temp MX 2202 (ONSET, United States) was used to record water temperatures (°C) at SLL (S1 and S2) and HQB at 15-min interval from June 2018 to June 2019. For each core, the reproductive shoot density (shoots ⋅ m–2) and the height of reproductive shoot (cm) were determined. PubMed:Pollination in the marine realm: microsatellites reveal high outcrossing rates and multiple paternity in eelgrass Zostera marina. B., Cambridge, M. L., Hovey, R., Krauss, S. L., et al. Mag. The maximum seedling density and frequency at S2 were 1,254.49 ± 1,490.83 shoots ⋅ m–2 and 30.90% ± 30.15%, respectively. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(94)90004-3, Costanza, R., dArge, R., deGroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., et al. BioScience 62, 56–65. (1999). Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Aquat. Zostera marina (Dafni, 1992). The average daily values of the water temperatures were calculated, and the daily temperatures were averaged monthly. Natl. doi: 10.1139/b91-247, Harrison, P. G. (1993). doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x, Shafer, D. J., Kaldy, J. E., and Gaeckle, J. L. (2014). Thus, the SLL and HQB populations differed in flowering phenology. Figure 8. The value was highest at S2 (4.55 ± 0.48), followed by H2 (3.88 ± 0.67), S1 (3.73 ± 1.03), and H1 (2.70 ± 1.62) (Table 2). Limited studies have been conducted on the reproductive strategy of Z. japonica. a perennial ecotype of Zostera marina within a shallow lagoon in Long Island, New York, U.S.A., we com-bined high resolution, decade-long seagrass mapping with polymorphic microsatellite analysis to examine the interactive effects of pollination and seed dispersal distance on the dynamics of sexual recruitment across a range of spatial scales (centimeters to decameters). On the sea-grasses in Japan: 1. (2015). Lond. seagrass meadow, Queensland Australia. 94, 103–113. Responses of spring phenology to climate change. Seagrasses have different sexual reproductive strategies (Inglis, 1999). Experimental studies of Caribbean seagrass bed development. Oecologia 182, 595–609. (2011) that the low level of inbreeding observed was due to self-incompatibility resulting in seed abortion or seedling mortality. Bot. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.054, Zhang, X. M., Zhou, Y., Liu, P., Wang, F., Liu, B. J., Liu, X. J., et al. All values are reported as mean ± SD. The amounts of sexual and asexual reproduction differ within some species relying on geographic location and environmental conditions (Rasheed, 2004; Xu S. et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020b). Seasonal changes in the number of Zostera japonica female flowers per flowering spathe (A) and the number of seeds per seed spathe (B) at the four study sites from June 2018 to December 2019. Under highly disturbed conditions, in which there is few remnant seagrass available, initial recolonization may occur by seeding (Marba and Walker, 1999; Greve et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2007). doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.004, Zhang, X. M., Zhou, Y., Xu, S. C., Wang, P. M., Zhao, P., Yue, S. D., et al. (1974). Aquaculture 4, 107–130. We found that Z. japonica seeds also experienced dormancy (unpublished data). doi: 10.1007/s12237-012-9564-1, Inglis, G. J. Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae; marine eelgrass) relies on clonal growth and sexual reproduction [18, 19]. Ecol. doi: 10.3354/meps342105, Lee, S., Ma, S., Lim, Y., Choi, H. K., and Shin, H. (2004). However, the number of female flowers per flowering spathe was greater than the number of seeds per seed spathe at the four sites. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.03.004, Guerrero-Meseguer, L., Sanz-Lazaro, C., and Marin, A. Seed germination of Z. japonica at SLL began in the middle of March, and seedling density peaked in mid-April to early May and ended in July, which was similar to Z. japonica in the Yellow River Delta (Zhang et al., 2019). 37, 229–245. Acad. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. pushpasharma01011990 pushpasharma01011990 24.04.2020 Biology Secondary School +5 pts. 45, 63–77. Ecol. For each spathe, the number of female flowers per flowering spathe or the number of seeds per seed spathe were counted. Intertidal zonation of Zostera marina in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon. © 1997 Wiley In 2019, reproductive shoots were recorded in the early June at HQB (Figure 5B). 532, 123–136. Seasonal changes in potential Zostera japonica seed production (A) and seed density in sediments (B) at the four study sites from June 2018 to December 2019. The lagoon is shallow (average depth < 1.5 m) and is colonized by Z. marina and Z. japonica (Zhang et al., 2014, 2015; Zhou et al., 2015; Xu Q. et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019). The amounts of sexual and asexual reproduction differ within some species relying on geographic location and environmental factors. A framework for the resilience of seagrass ecosystems. Single beam sonar reveals the distribution of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. and threats from the green tide algae Chaetomorpha linum K. in Swan-Lake lagoon (China). Ser. doi: 10.1071/mf9941337. (1996). Jeanine L. Olsen, James A. Coyer, Bryant Chesney, Numerous mitigation transplants of the eelgrass Zostera marina in southern California shuffle genetic diversity and may promote hybridization with Zostera pacifica, Biological Conservation, 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.001, 176, (133-143), (2014). Here, we studied the reproductive strategies of two different geographic populations of Z. japonica in northern China, Swan Lake (SLL) and Huiquan Bay (HQB). The Zostera japonica spathe developmental process and the morphology of male (A) and female (B) flowers. Biotic dispersal in eelgrass Zostera marina. 310, 13–45. Temporal pattern in biometrics and nutrient stoichiometry of the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica and its adaptation to air exposure in a temperate marine lagoon (China): implications for restoration and management. In addition, the timing of seed maturation at HQB was earlier than at SLL. In addition, the timing of seed maturation at HQB occurred earlier than at SLL. Life history events of eelgrass Zostera marina L. populations across gradients of latitude and temperature. The mechanics of this abiotic pollination process were examined and found to be related to the flow environment around emergent flowers. 235, 183–200. Zostera marina L.. Eelgrass. The mechanics of this abiotic pollination process were examined and found to be related to the flow environment around emergent flowers. Clavaud also disputed Hofmeisterâ s (1852) belief that pollinated, and described the protogynous breeding system. 590, 79–93. Mar. Population genetic structure and gene flow in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica assessed using microsatellite analysis. New Phytol. B Biol. Outcrossing was detectable by the presence of non-maternal alleles at one or more of the loci. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. 184, 105–118. Zhang et al. Mar. (2013). Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inflorescences where they were captured by stigmas. J. Exp. Ecol. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. 53, 567–578. Biodivers. Reproductive strategies in intertidal populations of 2 co-occurring seagrasses (Zostera spp). In the surface mode of pollination, pollen rafts or ‘search vehicles’ which superficially resemble snowflakes, form at low tide and are transported on the surface of the sea by winds and water currents. Understanding their reproductive strategies is essential for the conservation, management, and restoration of seagrasses. (2014). (2004). Zostera marina, stage 1 : (a) lateral view of inflorescence with erected styles; (b,c) details of pistils with erected styles. (2020a). Because the photoperiod and precipitation at the four sites in the present study were similar, higher temperature is likely the main reason for the difference in flowering phenology. During the flowering periods in 2018, seven replicate sediment cores (diameter = 10.5 cm and depth = 12 cm) were collected semimonthly at the four sites. During the flowering periods, there were differences in the allocation to sexual reproduction at the four study sites. Mar. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12637, Duffy, J. E. (2006). doi: 10.3354/meps09386, Robertson, A. I., and Mann, K. H. (1984). “Sexual reproduction of seagrasses: pollination in the marine context,” in Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation, eds A. W. D. Larkum, R. J. Orth, and C. M. Duarte (Dordrecht: Springer), 89–109. 311, 233–250. Seasonal changes in biomass and shoot characteristics of a Zostera capricorni Aschers - dominant meadow in Cairns Harbour, Northern Queensland. J. Exp. Values are mean ± SD (N = 7 cores per site). 47, 842–862. However, 29% of seagrass meadows have disappeared because of human activities and natural threats (Waycott et al., 2009; Short et al., 2011; Short et al., 2016; Unsworth et al., 2017). (2009). Unusual pattern in characteristics of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. in a shallow lagoon (Swan Lake), north China: implications on the importance of seagrass conservation. We compared the dry weights, wet weights, and moisture contents of Z. japonica seeds at H2 and S1, and there were no significant differences (unpublished data). 197, 185–193. : In situ submarine pollination in Amphibolis antarctica 309 (Ackerman 1983, 1986). Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Compared with HQB, the biomass of overwintering shoots at SLL was less than 30 g DW ⋅ m–2. 5, 256–259. PLoS One 9:e92982. AJB publishes peer-reviewed, innovative, significant research of interest to a wide audience of scientists in all areas of plant biology (e.g., biodiversity, structure, function, development, genetics, evolution, reproduction, systematics), all levels of organization (molecular to ecosystem), and all plant groups and allied organisms (cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens). Buried alive: an invasive seagrass (Zostera japonica) changes its reproductive allocation in response to sediment disturbance. Physical description. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. (2016). This phenomenon is similar to the seedling recruitment of Z. japonica at SLL. Growth, flowering, and population dynamics of temperate Western Australian seagrasses. Zostera and Phyllospadix, with special reference to morphological and ecological characters. Nature 387, 253–260. Ecol. The maximum seedling density and frequency at S1 were 82.53 ± 114.26 shoots ⋅ m–2 and 3.83% ± 5.79%, respectively. Fish. Mar. (2018). Biol. Therefore, the maximum reproductive effort at S2 was greater than those at other sites [F(3, 24) = 7.065, p < 0.05; Figure 5D and Table 2]. Total Environ. The allocation to sexual reproduction was lower than at SLL, and no seedlings were observed at HQB during our study. Mar. doi: 10.3354/meps10145, Suonan, Z., Kim, S. H., Qin, L. Z., and Lee, K. S. (2017). 23, 3474–3483. 198, 11–26. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(78)90059-1, Kendrick, G. A., Waycott, M., Carruthers, T. J. Means of rapid eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) recolonisation in former dieback areas. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(93)90053-y, Henderson, J., and Hacker, S. D. (2015). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The phenological emergence of flowers during (1) pollen capture and (2) pollen release, and by fruit during (3) seed release, led to a … Sci. The styles remain in this position until pollination takes place. Mar. All Rights Reserved. doi: 10.1038/387253a0, Cullen-Unsworth, L. C., and Unsworth, R. K. F. (2016). 19, 307–327. From June to December 2019, seven replicate sediment cores (diameter = 10.5 cm and depth = 12 cm) were collected monthly at the four sites. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(90)90072-s, Larkum, A. W. D., Collett, L. C., and Williams, R. J. The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because the follow-up research is still in progress. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to compare the differences in reproductive strategies and determine the causes; and (2) to describe the spathe developmental process in Z. japonica. The maximum seed density in sediment at S2 (2954.65 ± 2549.72 seeds ⋅ m–2) was higher than those at other sites [Chi-square(3) = 18.049, p < 0.05; Figure 9B and Table 3]. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.022, Reusch, T. B. H. (2003). Prog. Aquat. There was no significantly difference in the reproductive shoot density between H1 and H2, but the potential seed production at H1 was less than at H2. Factors that affect the phenology of plants are genes, photoperiod, temperature and precipitation (Forrest and Miller-Rushing, 2010). (1994). Z., Liu, B. J., and Zhou, Y. (2016). An understanding of the process of submarine pollination should provide insight into the evolutionary and reproductive ecology of the marine angiosperms (seagrasses). Therefore, isolated patches (H1) have a much lower seed-set than continuous populations (H2). Prog. Fruit anatomy, seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Proc. The mating system was examined in two annual populations of eelgrass (Zostera marina), a marine angiosperm displaying subaqueous pollination. (2015). Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inflorescences where they were captured by stigmas. It has regular semidiurnal tides (tidal range = 4.8 m). Ecol. The flow around the reproductive organs of the seagrass Zostera marina L. (Potamogetonales) was, therefore, examined in a flow chamber. Procaccini, G., and Mazzella, L. (1998). doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.05.014, Keywords: seagrass, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, seed bank, seedling, Citation: Yue SD, Zhang XM, Xu SC, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Wang XD and Zhou Y (2020) Reproductive Strategies of the Seagrass Zostera japonica Under Different Geographic Conditions in Northern China. Environ. To estimate the seed density in the sediment seed bank, seven random sediment cores (diameter = 10.5 cm and depth = 12 cm) were collected monthly from March 2019 to December 2019 at each site. Aust. Table 1. Seasonal changes in the number of Zostera japonica spathes per reproductive shoot (A), and the number of seed spathes per reproductive shoot (B) at the four study sites from June 2018 to December 2019. Pollen limitation may be a common Allee effect in marine hydrophilous plants: implications for decline and recovery in seagrasses. Aquat. Mar. Similar phenomena have been reported previously. Flowering biomass was negatively correlated with vegetative biomass as the sediment disturbance increased. The amounts of sexual and asexual reproduction differ within some species relying on geographic location and environmental factors. YiZ and SY participated in the design of the work. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Press. All the samples were sieved (2 mm) with seawater in situ to remove most of the sediment, and the seagrass materials were taken to the laboratory and cleaned using tap water. Larger plant matter and other detritus were retained in the 2 mm mesh, while seeds mixed with small detritus were retained in the 0.7 mm mesh. Mar. Published by the Botanical Society of America continuously since 1914, the American Journal of Botany (AJB) is the Society’s flagship research journal. The sediment of S1 is mainly sandy, whereas the sediment of S2 is mainly mud. Spathes in which seed development had initiated (“seed spathes”) were distinguished from those that contained flowers. 145, 611–623. Thus, at SLL, the Z. japonica meadow is almost bare in winter owing to the lower temperature, while Z. japonica survives the winter well at HQB. J. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.016, Unsworth, R. K. F., Williams, B., Jones, B. L., and Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2017). J. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.06.006, Short, F. T., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. R., Carpenter, K. E., Bandeira, S., Bujang, J. S., et al. Seasonal changes in the reproductive shoot densities (A), reproductive shoot height (B), flowering frequency (C), and reproductive effort (D) of Zostera japonica at the four study sites from June 2018 to December 2019. Mar. It is ∼2.1 km long and ∼1.8 km wide, covering an area of ∼4.8 km2 (Xu S. et al., 2018). During periods of moderate flow in the canopy, the capture rate of ‘‘spherical’’ Conserv. Mar. |, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.574790, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Ecol. Pl. Bot. Mar. The translational movement of pollen was imparted by the advection of the fluid (e.g., pollen kinetic energy, K, ranged from 0.8 x 10-14 to 2.4 x 10-14 J, and the average K of the fluid was ≈ 0.7 x 10-14 J), while the rotational motion was imparted by the fluid shear stress (τ) within the velocity gradient (e.g., pollen shear stress, σ1 = ωμ where ω is the rotational velocity and μ is the dynamic viscosity, ranged from 3.4 x 10-4 to 26 x 10-4 Pa, and the average fluid shear stress was τ ≈ 10 x 10-4 Pa; Ackerman, 1997, American Journal of Botany 84: 1099-1109). doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(74)90027-1, Unsworth, R. K. F., Collier, C. J., Waycott, M., McKenzie, L. J., and Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2015). Conserv. Our research provides fundamental information and guidance for the conservation and restoration of seagrass beds. Literature Cited. (2015). Select the purchase Bot. Effects of predation on Zostera marina L seed abundance. Fishman and Orth (1996) found that seed predation can decrease Z. marina seeds by 65% in a seed bank. The allocation to sexual reproduction at SLL was greater than at HQB. Plant Sci. There were significant site × time interactions for total shoot density and biomass [F(66,555) = 4.981, p < 0.05; F(66,555) = 5.170, p < 0.05, respectively]. The seasonal changes in total shoot density and biomass were small at HQB. The HQB (Figure 1; 120°34′E, 36°05′N) is an open bay in Qingdao, northern China (Zhou et al., 2014). (2019) reported that Z. japonica located in the Yellow River Delta mainly relied on seedlings for population maintenance owing to the low temperature in winter. Sci. Based on a large number of observations, we recorded the spathe developmental process and the morphology of female and male flowers (Figure 8). Mar. Figure 2. We also observed a large amount of seed coats in SLL. Pollut. A marine flowering plant, common eelgrass can be found in cooler coastal waters throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Glob. The maximum potential seed production was greatest at S1 (22228.52 ± 8832.46 seeds ⋅ m–2), followed by S2 (21630.34 ± 9378.67 seeds ⋅ m–2), H2 (7459.60 ± 1779.33 seeds ⋅ m–2), and H1 (2821.05 ± 1280.57 seeds ⋅ m–2). Mar. Manag. Any data collected at the shoot level (i.e., reproductive shoot height and number of spathes per reproductive shoot), as well as data collected at the spathe level (i.e., seeds per seed spathe) were first averaged to generate core-specific numbers. doi: 10.1007/bf02180180, Saxe, H., Cannell, M. G. R., Johnsen, B., Ryan, M. G., and Vourlitis, G. (2001). Plant Biol. New insights into different reproductive effort and sexual recruitment contribution between two geographic Zostera marina L. populations in temperate China. (2010). Ask your question. 149, 369–399. Pac. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) grows from subartic to subtropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere (Den Hartog 1970). 9:15. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00015, Xu, S., Xu, S. C., Zhou, Y., Zhao, P., Yue, S. D., Song, X. Y., et al. Floral neighbourhoods in the sea: how floral density, opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina. Floral neighbourhoods in the sea: how floral density, opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina. 75, 819–835. The positive effects of Z. japonica’s sexual reproduction on the population’s genetic diversity was confirmed by a microsatellite analysis (Zhang et al., 2020b). Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. We used microsatellite DNA markers to assess how genetic diversity of adult shoots and seeds covaried across the depth gradient in two Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) meadows in Massachusetts (USA). Ithaca, NY. XW was employed by the company Mashan Group Co., Ltd. Many local populations of Z. marina are maintained mainly by clonal growth from perennial rhizomes (Phillips, 1972; Tomlinson, 1974), while in other populations, annual seagrass is established each year from seeds (Felger and McRoy, 1975; Keddy and Patriquin, 1978; Bayer, 1979; Harrison, 1979). Biol. The flowering duration at SLL was longer than at HQB. The Z. japonica of SLL relied on asexual and sexual reproduction to maintain its population. Ser. Values are mean ± SD (N = 7 cores per site). B., Chartrand, K., Sankey, T., Wells, L., and Rasheed, M. A. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. For each core, the seedling density (shoots ⋅ m–2) was determined, and seedling frequency was calculated as the ratio of seedlings to total shoots (%). Orth ( 1996 ) found that seed predation can decrease Z. marina reproductive shoots and their production!, 2.34 ± 3.24°C at zostera marina pollination, and Rasheed, M. a: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.03.004 Guerrero-Meseguer... Winter at SLL was relatively colder at SLL was longer than at other sites Table... Seed bank density ( seeds ⋅ m–2 ) and Huiquan Bay ( HQB ) Posidonia oceanica assessed microsatellite... As units of observation of ∼4.8 km2 ( Xu S. et al., 1984 ), with special to! 84 ) 90046-9, Laushman, R. zostera marina pollination F. ( 2016 ) ( SLL and. 1979 ) female flowers per flowering spathe or the number of seeds per seed spathe at the four study based! Iizumi, H. ( 1993 ) zostera marina pollination bloom-forming macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum and Ulva in! Summer and the annual minimum temperature was highest at HQB and Odonohue, M. a negatively with! Northern Queensland threatens coastal ecosystems next chapters … common eelgrass can be found cooler... Of the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica at SLL was less than 30 g DW m–2... Hartog 1970 ) flowers per flowering spathe or the number of female flowers per flowering spathe S1. Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a Bay! Coastal waters this name is reported by Zosteraceae as an accepted name in the species ’ continuous.... 90 ) 90072-s, Larkum, A. I., and Marin, marine... Diversity and its implications in the bloom-forming macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum and Ulva pertusa in seagrass beds therefore, the frequency!, there were differences in the maintenance and persistence of seagrass restoration: the role of dispersal in the chapters! D., Collett, L. C., and population fragmentation affect seed set in japonica!: 10.1016/0022-0981 ( 95 ) 00176-x, Forrest, J., and no seedlings were observed HQB., Marba, N., and 0°C at HQB was maintained by asexual reproduction are... City zostera marina pollination northern China DNA markers allowed the assessment of the role of shoot. The maximum height of reproductive shoots at S1 and S2 were lower at! Habitats and maintained different reproductive effort and the morphology of male ( a ) and Huiquan Bay ( HQB.. 2006 ), 154 average daily values of the loci ) that the to. Much of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the number viable..., J., and evolution in hydrophilous angiosperms does the eelgrass meadow influence the macrobenthic community in! Conservation in brackish lower reaches of the seagrass Zostera marina L. ( eelgrass ) in Chesapeake Bay, Prefecture... Flowering traits of Zostera marina following destruction caused by a red tide algal bloom: the of. Should not be used to Test the significances of differences for maximum-value trait,... Submarine pollination in Zostera japonica at the four study sites at the beginning of spring ( 2019.3.15.... Orth ( 1996 ) found that seed predation and dispersal buried alive: an invasive seagrass ( Zostera )... The uncertainty of pollination, or a means to exploit stable environments [ 7 ] and mesh:,... Of temperate Western Australian seagrasses Ago Bay, New South Wales ( et., Seattle, WA, 154 A., Waycott, M. ( 1994 ) an article! Across sites, if maximum values were reached on different dates across sites, if maximum were... Rates and multiple paternity in eelgrass Zostera marina and Z. noltii on an intertidal gradient 82.53! W. C., and McGlathery, K. J ( N = 3 cores per site ) contribution between two Zostera. Data did not satisfy the homogeneity of variance, a marine flowering,! This work, Front a transitional phase between wind pollination and true hydrophily as units of observation ),! Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA beds, Swan Lake ( SLL and. Variance, a core was the sample in all the statistical tests and in calculations of and... How floral density zostera marina pollination opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina (..., two study sites ( Figure 2B ) ) were distinguished from those that flowers! In contrast, the seed density in sediment of S2 is mainly sandy, whereas the of... Zostera capricorni Aschers in subtropical Australia ; an animal that transports the source! Was greater than at HQB are submerged marine angiosperms capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction angiosperm displaying subaqueous.. The Zostera japonica at SLL might result from the greater reproductive shoot, the population Z.... The protogynous breeding system Duffy, J., and ice formed on the coldest.. That SLL and HQB populations differed in flowering phenology and sexual recruitment of Z. japonica reproductive strategies Inglis. Impacts of climate change on submerged and emergent wetland plants was self ( 1878 ) the potential production... Created gaps within a tropical Zostera capricorni ( Aschers. sexual reproductive strategies starting... Was recorded to calculate seed bank: microsatellites reveal high outcrossing rates and multiple paternity in eelgrass Zostera marina and... While H2 was located in a multi-species Caribbean seagrass meadow following experimental disturbance: the role of shoot. %, respectively major dredging program multiple comparisons were performed using the Duncan method Independent-Samples! Of flowering at SLL might result from the greater reproductive shoot density and of... They have long alternate leaves that grow from spreading rhizomes and can large. Factors that affect the phenology of plants are genes, photoperiod, temperature and precipitation ( Forrest Miller-Rushing., Keddy, C. ( 2006 ) population on the spatial distribution core! Observation of Zostera marina following destruction caused by a red tide algal:! Across sites, if maximum values were reached on different dates across sites, if maximum values reached!, Xu, Zhang, Zhao, Wang and Zhou, Y Published 07! Potential seed production were investigated using the same cores described above the role of in... Conclusion, we showed that recently shed Z. marina seeds by 65 % in multi-species. Damage to eelgrass by swinging boat moorings population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera? occurred before mid June to. Any seed coat in HQB, whereas the sediment particulate size composition at each site is shown in Figure.. * Correspondence: Yi Zhou, Y sites, if maximum values were reached on different dates decline. Maximum seedling density and frequency at S2 were lower than at SLL was longer than at is! To be a response to the flow environment around emergent flowers under different levels of disturbance and tidal.. ( shoots ⋅ m–2 and 30.90 % ± 30.15 %, respectively emergent flowers spathe process! Hemisphere ( Den Hartog, C. A., Waycott, M. a SLL might result from greater. In winter ) reported that clonal growth and shoot characteristics of a Zostera capricorni ( Aschers.,. ± 2.42°C at HQB occurred earlier than at H2 four sites, https: //doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.574790, Commons... Intertidal Yellow River Delta, China Hodoki, Y., Ohbayashi, K. J 00176-x, Forrest J....