Santillan FW, Fribourg CE, Adams IP, Gibbs AJ, Boonham N, Kehoe MA, Maina S, Jones RAC (2018) The biology and phylogenetics of potato virus S isolates from the Andean region of South America. Kehoe and Jones (2014) compared the biological and genomic properties of eight historical European (1943–1984) and five Australian (2003–2012) PVY isolates from potato. The main viral pathogens include PLRV, PVY, PVA, PLRV, PVM, and PVS which are all transmitted by aphids. Plant Dis 102(1):185–196. your field by planting certified seed potatoes. PVX hypersensitivity gene Nb was identified in one Australian, five European, and one North American cultivars. Symptoms of primary (a) and secondary (b) infection by ToLCNDV in potato. PSTV causes elongation of tubers (right side). PVS and PVX. The plants that emerged from these tospovirus symptomatic tubers were however free of the virus. Rarely, it was found associated with PAMV (Ghorai et al. Virus description and symptoms 2000). nematodes in the Paratrichodorus or Trichodorus genus, and can Viruses are disseminated in tubers and can cut yields by 50 percent. As the number of complete PVY genome sequences from different world regions grows, phylogenetic nomenclature based on biological, geographical, and sequence names is becoming increasingly unsustainable so substituting Latinised numerals for current PVY subgroup names was suggested (Jones 2014; Kehoe and Jones 2016; Jones and Kehoe 2016). phylogroup I. In the pre-ELISA era, surveys to establish the occurrence of potato viruses in Andean countries mostly involved potato germplasm collections, but in the 1970s Peruvian potato crops were widely sampled. For example, a few mutations in the helper component protein (HCpro) overcome resistance to PVYO conferred by the resistance gene Ny in potato (Tian and Valkonen 2013). 2017; Jeevalatha et al. smaller leaves that curl downward, giving the plant a more upright growth Isolate PVY-Del-66 shared closest sequences identity of 97.7–99.9% and a close phylogenetic relatedness with the N:O strains reported from USA and Germany. TSWV generally infects potato in warmer regions but TRV and PMTV both occur globally in cooler regions where their vectors are established. There is also an urgent need to explore possibilities of seed production in nontraditional areas using modern techniques (Singh et al. fast. 2017). Whereas AMV is found worldwide and normally causes calico symptoms, including in the highlands of Peru, PYV is largely symptomless and restricted to the Andean region where it has been identified in germplasm from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Viruses 11(2):98, Cox BA, Jones RAC (2010a) Genetic variability of the coat protein gene of potato virus S and distinguishing its biologically distinct strains. (2017) recently demonstrated that growing potatoes at higher altitude significantly reduced the number of virus-infected tubers produced from infected mother plants. Complete genome sequence of one isolate of PVM, PVM-Del-144 has been sequenced. 2019). With LHR the source of infection for further virus spread is removed. (2014). (2012) studied strain-specific HR and ER phenotypes elicited in potato plants by isolates in PVX strain groups 1 and 3. Some cooler countries have the opportunity to move their seed potato production towards more extreme latitudes, though this rarely applies to developing countries. Screening of germplasm lines for ToLCNDV-[potato] resistance in field or glass house conditions showed possible presence of resistance source (Kumar et al. ToCV can be transmitted by at least five species of whitefly (Orfanidou et al. Symptoms alone cannot distinguish these virus strains, as symptoms In a survey performed in South-West Uganda during 2014, PVX and PLRV were most frequent, followed by PVY and PVM, whereas PVA was not detected (CIP/IITA, unpublished). 2014), mineral oil sprays and intercropping has been shown to enable control of PVY infection, particularly when used in combination (Dupuis et al. on leaves and in tubers) have been discovered, creating more concern about The principle of SPT is growing the seed potato crop using healthy seed during a period with low aphid prevalence from October to the first week of January, coupled with IPM, roguing and dehaulming the seed crop during January before aphids reach critical threshold numbers. Various PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), reverse transcription PCR and real-time PCR, protocols have been developed and multiplexed (e.g. Gibbs et al. They aren’t always contagious. Therefore, they are called “hypersensitivity resistance” (HR) genes and contrast to “extreme resistance” (ER) genes which do not lead to any visible lesions during the resistance reaction. 2017; Lacomme et al. 2018). Infection results in significant decrease in size and number of tubers. and sanitize tools and equipment frequently. The PVY recombinant PVYNTN has been found infecting potato crops in four eastern Australian states (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia) where it is causing similar problems in seed potato production to the ones it causes in Europe. http: Jailani AAK, Shilpi S, Mandal B (2017) Rapid demonstration of infectivity of a hybrid strain of potato virus Y occurring in India through overlapping extension PCR. 1988). When these infections dry out under dry … Plant certified seed and use a potato dust to guard against late blight. when moving equipment into a new area. Another problem that has occurred with the production of seed potatoes in Brazil was the start in 2011 of the Brazilian legislation for production of potato seeds for personal use. In the past, simple seed potato schemes that, for example, relied solely on visual inspection and roguing combined with flooding and livestock to remove any tubers left behind after harvest proved effective at removing PLRV and other viruses causing obvious foliar symptoms, but ineffective at removing viruses causing mild symptoms e.g. Recently, based on host reactions, serology with monoclonal antibodies and complete genome sequence, the evidence of occurrence of a recombinant strain (N:O type) of PVY (isolate PVY-Del-66) was provided for the first time (Jailani et al. genotypes by, Pérez Barrera W, Valverde Miraval M, Barreto Bravo M, Andrade-Piedra J, Forbes GA (2015) Pests and diseases affecting potato landraces and bred varieties grown in Peru under indigenous farming system. PLRV strains are differentiated biologically based on the severity of symptom expression in potato, but are phylogenetically very homogenous with limited sequence variation between isolates worldwide. The minor phylogroups within these major lineages [roman numerals in parentheses are from PVY classification system of Kehoe and Jones 2016] were: C with C1(II) and C2(III); O with O (=I) and O5 (=X); N with Eu-N (=IV), XIII and NA-N (=IX); R-1 with NTN-NW + SYR-I (XII), NTN-B (VI), NTN-NW + SYR-II (XI), N-Wi (VII), and N:O (VIII); and R-2 with NTN-A (V). by sanitizing equipment and reducing traffic through the field. This frequent importation has, historically, allowed the introduction of new pathogens into the country. Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most prevalent and important viruses All of these except PLRV are transmitted nonpersistently by aphids, whereas PLRV is persistently transmitted. Nowadays, the detection of PLRV in seeds within official certification programs is extremely rare. and net necrosis in tubers. 2017). PVT is the only known member of the genus Tepovirus (family Betaflexiviridae). The powdery scab fungus ( Spongospora subterranea ) is a soil-borne organism and is the only known vector of potato mop-top virus. of plant viruses. Remove "volunteer" potatoes in the spring (potato plants coming They also found that infection with PVX and PVS increased the titer of PVS and enhanced expression of foliar symptoms in potato plants. This strain was later recognized as being the Wilga strain of PVY (PVY-Nwi; Galvino-Costa et al. (Click on photo to enlarge) General Potato Disease and Pest Management. Plant Pathol 66(6):960–969, Fortes IM, Navas-Castillo J (2012) Potato, an experimental and natural host of the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus. 2016c). ICAR-CPRI, Shimla, Sohrab SS, Karim S, Varma A, Abuzenadah AM, Chaudhary AG, Mandal B (2013) Role of sponge gourd in apical leaf curl disease of potato in Northern India. (2018) studied the phylogenetics of PVS genomic sequences collected since 1976, including Andean region sequences. In Tanzania, Chiunga and Valkonen (2013) surveyed for the occurrence of the same viruses, but also PVM and PVS in plants from 16 fields in the south western highlands and found incidences of 55%, 39%, 14% and 5% for PVS, PLRV, PVX, and PVM whereas PVY and PVM were only detected in two locations. Photo credits: CIP. 2018). from a field which was infected by virus will increase the number of plants Nevertheless, due to the complex genetics of potato it has not been easy to combine virus resistance with the myriad of other necessary traits needed for a successful variety. Am J Potato Res 82(3):255, Abbas A, Madadi M (2016) A review paper on Potato Mop-Top Virus (PMTV): occurrence, properties and management. Phytoparasitica 41:403–410, Souza-Dias JAC, Eiras M, Fernandes CRF, Beloni C, Charkowski A (2017) Occurrence of spindle tuber like malformation in seed-potato lots associated with a somatic mutation in tissue culture. Strain groups PVYC, PVYO and PVYZ elicit HR phenotypes with hypersensitivity genes Nc, Ny, or Nz, respectively. Plants can die in a severe case, and potatoes can be seriously affected, especially in storage. The main parents of R-1 and R-2 were PVYN or PVYO, respectively, and vice versa for their minor parents. not spread the virus, since PLRV is not mechanically transmissible. can be effective if the aphid populations are closely monitored. Management 2016). Moreover, biologically defined PVYO and PVYZ isolates were both within phylogroup YO while biologically defined YC and YD isolates were both phylogroup YC revealing disagreement between the current biological and phylogenetic PVY nomenclature systems. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a Tobravirus which causes This viral disease was confirmed in Maine (2003), North Dakota (2010), Washington (2011), Idaho (2013), New Mexico (2015) and Colorado (2015). FNP Consultoria, São Paulo, Ahmadi S, Almasi MA, Fatehi F, Struik PC, Moradi A (2013) Visual detection of, Almasi MA, Manesh ME, Jafary H, Dehabadi SMH (2013) Visual detection of, Andrade ER, Figueira AR (1992) Incidência e sintomatologia de estirpes do vírus Y(PVY) nas regiões produtoras de batata do sul de Minas Gerais. University. Indian PVX isolates were characterized for their biological properties, host range and transmission. Crop Breed Appl Biotechnol 17(4):306–312. PLRV, PVY, PVX, PVA, PVS, PVM, GBNV, and PAMV are known to occur in India. Another example of differences in geographical distribution of potato viruses in Europe is PMTV. Currently, it is one of the most important viral diseases of potato in India. PVA causes mild mosaic symptoms and not common in India. Therefore, there is a shortage of certified seed in the country (ICAR-CPRI, Shimla). Yield loss normally ranges from 20 to 50% in India but in extreme cases may be as high as 50–80%, and infected plants produce only a few, small to medium tubers in severe secondary infections. So far, the infection of potato by ToLCNDV is known to occur only in India. 2013). 2015) and glass house conditions (Jeevalatha et al. Potato spindle tuber disease caused by a viroid, PSTVd also impairs tuber quality in addition to direct yield loss. PVY is now the most widespread viral pathogen in potatoes in most countries. virus. However, imported seed potatoes are a big concern; Villela et al. in controlling nonpersistently transmitted viruses. There was no relationship between biological strain and phylogroup as phylogroup I contained PVX isolates in biological strain groups 1, 3 and 4, whereas minor phylogroups II-1 and II-2 both contained isolates in strain groups 2 and 4. cause in potatoes and tobacco. 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